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House of Neville
The House of Neville (also the ''House of Nevill'') is a noble house of early medieval origin, which was a leading force in English politics in the later Middle Ages. The family became one of the two major powers in northern England along with the House of Percy and played a central role in the Wars of the Roses.
==Origins==
The Neville family's first established male forebear dates to after the Norman conquest of England and Domesday Book (which did not cover County Durham), of twenty years later, during which period most of the existing aristocracy of England were dispossessed and replaced by a new Norman ruling elite. Their Norman surname was only assumed four generations after the holder of 1129 — before which the male line was of native origin and had most probably been part of the pre-conquest aristocracy of Northumbria then including County Durham.〔 The continuation of landowning among such native families was considerably more common in the more northerly parts of England than further south.
The family can be traced back to one Uhtred, whose son Dolfin is first attested in 1129, holding the manor of Staindrop (formerly Stainthorp) in County Durham, which shared with a vast church estate and some limited common in .〔Offler, ''Charters'', 122 (no. 29)〕 This locality remained the principal seat of the family until 1569, their chief residence being at Raby in the north of the parish of Staindrop, where in the 14th century they built the present Raby Castle, King Knut the Great (or Canute) having a mansion here previously. Dolfin was succeeded by his son Meldred and he in turn by his son Robert fitz Maldred, who married the Norman heiress Isabel de Néville. Their son Geoffrey de Neville inherited the estates of his mother's family as well as his father's, and adopted their surname, which was borne by his descendants thereafter. In Norman-ruled England a Norman surname was more prestigious and socially advantageous than an English one.〔Round, ''Feudal England'', 370-2〕
Already before the Néville marriage the family was a major power in the area: "In the extent of their landed possessions this family, holding on obdurately to native names for a full hundred years after 1066, was pre-eminent among the lay proprietors within the bishopric of Durham during the twelfth century".〔Offler, 'FitzMeldred, Neville and Hansard', 3〕 In the 16th century the Nevilles claimed that their ancestor Uhtred was descended from Crinan of Dunkeld, ancestor of the Scottish royal House of Dunkeld.〔Wagner, ''English Ancestry'', 16-17〕 As well as prestigious ancient connections with the royal families of both England and Scotland, this claim entailed a line of descent from the Bamburgh dynasty of Earls of Northumbria, attaching the Nevilles' later power in the north to a pedigree of pre-eminence in the region stretching back at least as far as the early 10th century. Modern genealogists have put forward a variety of different speculative theories to connect Uhtred with his purported forebears, but none of these is supported by any direct evidence. It has been noted however that "this Dolfin, when doing homage to the Prior of Durham for Staindrop, reserved his homage to the kings of England and of Scotland, as well as the Bishop of Durham" implying that he was "no doubt, a man of consequence" and "probably of high Northumbrian birth".〔Round, ''Feudal England'', 370-2; Offler, 'FitzMeldred, Neville and Hansard', 2-3; Wagner, ''English Ancestry'', 16-17; Wagner, ''Pedigree and Progress'', 51, 210〕
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